The Potential Of Participant Observation - 766 Words

Yes, research varies according to the nature of arguments and their personal information can also be included in the entire material or changes of the information. For this reason, it will be unethical to record the information and focus on what is in process to control further. 2. Which method do you think is more likely to produce valid information participant or nonparticipant observation? Why? The valid information is mostly expected from the grounds of what are the changes in behaviour and how much responses are ethical. In this regard, the most of the responses are valid from focus group analysis, lab research and questionnaire as well as interview studies. 3. Are there any kinds of behaviors that should not be observed? Explain your thinking. If so, give an example. The behaviors those are immediate after any specific event or the influence from external parties must not be observed or reported. The management and the ideas for this advancement is required for all stages. 4. What would you say is the biggest advantage of participant observation? The biggest disadvantage? The biggest advantage of the participant observation is their sincere behaviour and feeling the situation accordingly. The disadvantage is looking for the issues those are not related to the field as it can be the personal biasedness. 5. â€Å"A major difficulty in observing people is that much that goes on may be missed by the observer.† Is this always true? Are there any ways to decrease what isShow MoreRelatedLalla1219 Words   |  5 Pages5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Participant Observation DeMUNCK and SOBO (1998) provide several advantages of using participant observation over other methods of data collection. These include that it affords access to the backstage culture (p.43); it allows for richly detailed description, which they interpret to mean that ones goal of describing behaviors, intentions, situations, and events as understood by ones informants is highlighted (p.43); and it provides opportunities forRead MoreThe Role For Public Gatherings1300 Words   |  6 Pagesresearch methods of participant observation and content analysis; which are grouped into ethnographic research The design of the study would be two-dimensional. Firstly, to investigate the influences of the news media on local political participation in rural areas; I will perform the participant observation. Secondly, I shall execute content analysis of the selected news media, including TV news and newspapers for their political content. The plan will be a potential, participant observational res earchRead MoreParticipant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction All methods involve observation, but participant observation is characterized by the extent to which its advocates insist on observation and interpretation of a situation, informed by an understanding of the situation from the point of view of  the participants  rather than the observer. An attempt is made to avoid imposing categories from outside. Participant observation is the method of anthropology, although it is used in a wide range of sociological studies when the researcher has  becomeRead MoreEssay on Naturalistic Observation1165 Words   |  5 Pagesbelow by the extent to which an experimenter intrudes upon or controls the environment. Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic observation, also known as nonparticipant observation, has no intervention by a researcher. It is simply studying behaviors that occur naturally in natural contexts, unlike the artificial environment of a controlled laboratory setting. Importantly, in naturalistic observation, there is no attempt to manipulate variables. Strength: We can measure what behavior is really likeRead MoreParticipant Observation : Observation, Interviews, And Observations856 Words   |  4 PagesParticipant Observation How does one observe while simultaneously participating? It is an awkward position for the researcher to be in—the very nature of the term â€Å"participant observation† is at odds with each other; therefore the author must keep a degree of distance in order to fully observe and record their observations. At the same time, the author must do as the locals do, which is: it is very important for the researcher to connect with members of the population. As the researcher gets to knowRead MoreInvestigating The Interaction Between People With The Surrounding Built Environment1628 Words   |  7 PagesEcclesall Road, the aim of the observation was to see whether restaurants with different marketing techniques attracted contrasting demographic profiles. While observing the marketing techniques and customer base, photographs were taken that documented the feature of interest, including whether outside seating facilities were being used and how the menu was presented to potent ial customers. This highlighted weaknesses associated with observation, firstly although the observation was performed after 17:00Read MoreWhy I Ukrainian Art As A Multicultural Society821 Words   |  4 Pagesfocusing on participant observation as the main one, but she also incorporated quantitative, qualitative and interdisciplinary methods. Though, the topic and the scope of Hecht’s study is different from Anna Kuranicheva’s the variety of methods used in her study drew my attention. In her ethnographic method Anat Hecht gave â€Å"voice to the natives† advocating contextual and holistic approach. She produced â€Å"thick description† from which she made interpretive analysis (54). According to Hecht participant observationRead MoreResearch Techniques Throughout The Course Of My Work1378 Words   |  6 Pagesmany research techniques throughout the course of my work, however the three that I will describe in detail are: interviews, participant observation, and site m apping. Some of the additional methods include: household information survey, literature review, government policy analysis, and public discourse analysis. To begin, I will likely start with participant observation. I will be visiting and volunteering at multiple different non-profit organizations and community events. This will allow me toRead MoreSocial Anthropology : Bronislaw Malinowski1554 Words   |  7 Pagesstudied, getting to know them personally, participating in their activities, and conducting his research in the field has since become known as ‘participant observation’. Malinowski’s most prominent contribution to ethnography and fieldwork was his method of research - participant observation, his own form of conducting fieldwork. Participant observation is the method giving researchers the ability to gain understanding of the activities of the people under study in the natural setting through observingRead MoreThe Factors That Influence Women s Participation1500 Words   |  6 PagesMy purpose in this study is to identify and analyse the factors that influence women’s participation in sports. Employing an ethnographic approach, I wanted to discover the emic concepts of my participants. To achieve this goal, I followed Spradley (1979:3) who advocates â€Å"learning from people† rather than â€Å"studying the people†. I participated in and observed various sports and sporting activities. In this chapter I will present the research techniques that I used for the study. The topics I will

Literature Review - 8362 Words

A peer-reviewed electronic journal. Copyright is retained by the first or sole author, who grants right of first publication to the Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation. Permission is granted to distribute this article for nonprofit, educational purposes if it is copied in its entirety and the journal is credited. Volume 14, Number 13, June 2009 ISSN 1531-7714 A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review Justus J. Randolph Walden University Writing a faulty literature review is one of many ways to derail a dissertation. This article summarizes some pivotal information on how to write a high-quality dissertation literature review. It begins with a discussion of the purposes of a review, presents taxonomy of†¦show more content†¦Finally, with some modification, the literature review is a â€Å"legitimate and publishable scholarly document† (LeCompte colleagues, 2003, p. 124). Apart from the above reasons for writing a review (i.e., proof of knowledge, a publishable document, and the identification of a research family), the scientific reasons for conducting a literature review are many. Gall, Borg, and Gall (1996) argue that the literature review plays a role in: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ delimiting the research problem, seeking new lines of inquiry, avoiding fruitless approaches, gaining methodological insights, identifying recommendations for fu rther research, and seeking support for grounded theory. †¢ †¢ Page 2 identifying the main methodologies and research techniques that have been used, and placing the research in a historical context to show familiarity with state-of-the-art developments. (p. 27) Another purpose for writing a literature review not mentioned above is that it provides a framework for relating new findings to previous findings in the discussion section of a dissertation. Without establishing the state of the previous research, it is impossible to establish how the new research advances the previous research. Taxonomy of Literature Reviews An effective method to begin planning a research review is to consider where the proposed review fits into Cooper’s (1988) Taxonomy ofShow MoreRelatedEssay Literature Review1001 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate-level research and writing, which conforms to APA format. Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the administration. You will research and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. What is a Literature Review? â€Å"A literature review discusses published informationRead MoreNarrative Literature Reviews1589 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative literature reviews Introduction n A literature review is a comprehensive study and interpretation of the work that has been published on a particular topic n A literature review should convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on a topic and their strengths and limitations Why undertake a literature review? n To provide a review of the current knowledge in a particular field n Provide a description of research studies n Identify gaps in current knowledge n Identify emergingRead MoreImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreHrd Audit Literature Review683 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Review If you believe everything you read, better not read. (Japanese Proverb) [pic] What is a literature review? A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic in the past. Its purpose is to inform the reader what has been established about a topic and what the strengths and weaknesses are. A literature review must be defined by a guiding concept and should not be a list of all the material that you can find (Porter, S. 2008, p.49). What isRead MoreA Literature Review : The Walden University Library Essay1070 Words   |  5 PagesA literature review is an interpretation of arrays of circulating articles written by the scholar-authors’ of researchers related to several topics. A literature search for evidence-based research can be overpowering. The Walden University library illuminates on the superlative quality of evidence-based research and which databases to utilize with research searches. Filtered resources are the superlative quality of studies related to evidence-based practice and encompasses systemic reviews, criticallyRead MoreThe Impact Of Telemedicine On Health, A Systematic Literature Review1530 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction To evaluate and study the impact of telemedicine in health, a systematic literature review was conducted. An electronic research through the University of Maryland library was done the articles selected dated from 2000 to 2014. A total of 12 articles was reviewed that dealt with clinical outcomes, efficacy, patient and provider satisfaction. Telemedicine as an emerging field can greatly improve the outcomes of healthcare thus resulting in decrease the delivery cost of healthcare. WhileRead MoreLiterature Review : The Class Collage By Jeff Sommers1503 Words   |  7 Pagesexploitation† by Matt Zwolinski is about the ethical questions that are raised about the moral claim of the conditions in sweatshop that are accepted by choice and exploited for gains. These two peered review articles both shows some common similarity and a minute different between the two Identification Both peer-review articles use MLA citation. They both have a lengthy work cited pages/ references at the end of the article. The citations are alphabetically put in order and the citation itself is shown byRead MoreReview Of Formative Fictions : Imaginative Literature And The Training Of The Capacities `` Essay2185 Words   |  9 PagesNayiri Khatchadourian HNRS 63W Prof. Bruce Stone 6 June 2017 The Consequence of Reading Fiction In his essay †Formative Fictions: Imaginative Literature and the Training of the Capacities†, Joshua Landy, professor at Stanford University, aims to explain the function of fiction and the reward of our engagement with literary works. Landy highlights three theories of the function of fiction: the exemplary branch, which invites the reader to consider characters as models for emulation or avoidance,Read MoreReview Of Literature Review On Literature Essay2370 Words   |  10 PagesChapter - 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature survey is undertaken to study and analyze the finding of other researcher in their studies that are related to the subject under consideration. A research literature review, as a process, is a systematic, explicit, and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners (Fink, 2010). As a noun, literature review is an organizedRead MoreLiterature Review793 Words   |  4 PagesU02a1 Building Your Literature Review Plan: Part One - Sheila Darden The plan to collect and organize literature that explains the history of retention starts with the collections of scholarly, peer reviewed articles that provide insight to the history of retention. The literature will be organized alphabetically at first then to gain a better insight into the history of retention the collections of scholarly, peer review articles will be organized according to the date they were published. The

Sub-Saharan Africa An Extraordinary Period of Change Free Essays

Africa’s hopes for a better future depend in large part on improving the health of its people. Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a period of extraordinary change. Across the continent, policy reforms are contributing to dynamic economic growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Sub-Saharan Africa: An Extraordinary Period of Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Greater political openness has strengthened the commitment of African governments to meeting the basic needs of their people. Despite these positive trends, sub-Saharan Africa faces a development challenge greater than any other region. Much of the continent’s population remains desperately poor. With record numbers of adolescents entering their childbearing years, in less than three decades Africa’s population is projected to double again from the current level of 620 million. Meanwhile, many African nations are struggling to provide health and education services to populations expanding at a small percent a year. In many countries, rapid population growth is contributing to degradation of the environment and undermining prospects for prosperity. Africa’s hopes for a better future depend in large part on improving the health of its people. Better access to good quality reproductive health services, particularly family planning, is key to improving health status – especially for women. The reality of reproductive health in Africa, however, is far from ideal. Women begin child-bearing in their teens and have an average of six children. Meanwhile, AIDS has struck hard in Sub-Saharan Africa, where roughly 1 in 10 adults – both men and women – are infected with HIV. Yet traditional attitudes favoring large families are changing rapidly, owing to the growth of cities, the rising cost of living and lower child death rates, among other factors. Demand for family planning has increased dramatically in some countries, and the decline in birthrates ,limited as recently as a decade ago to only a few countries in the region, appears to be spreading steadily across the continent. In much of Africa, however, large families are still the norm. This situation is reinforced by low levels of education, particularly among women, and social barriers to the full economic participation of women. Yet, school enrollment rates declined or came to a standstill during the economic crisis many African countries experienced in the 1980s. Compared to countries in other developing regions, African countries have only recently begun to adopt population policies and initiate family planning and related reproductive health programs. However, African governments increasingly recognize the individual and societal benefits of smaller families. In the last decade there has been steady growth in the number of countries establishing national family planning programs and in the scope of these efforts. Still, Sub-Saharan Africa has a long way to go. In addition to meeting the growing need for family planning and reproductive health services, African countries must expand access to education for girls and economic opportunities for women. This will require significantly increased financial contributions from African governments and house-holds, as well as international donors. In sum, addressing poor reproductive health and rapid population growth is a daunting task requiring comprehensive action on many different fronts. A priority area is population growth. This is a function of birth or fertility, mortality, and net migration. Sub-Saharan Africa lags behind other regions in its demographic transition. The total fertility rate, the total number of children the average woman has in a lifetime. For Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole has remained at about 6. 5 for the past 25 years, while it has declined to about 4 in all developing countries taken together. Recent surveys appear to signal, however, that several counties, are at or near a critical demographic turning point. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to maintain the highest total fertility rates in the world. The total fertility rate is the average number of children a women will bear during her reproductive years, usually between 15 and 49 years old, although some analysts have expanded this range to include 10 and 55 year old’s. Families in the region average an estimated 6. 4 children. Although there is considerable variation by region, socioeconomic status, and place of residence (rural vs. urban). Disease vectors are not solely responsible for low fertility rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some countries have made significant inroads in their family planning efforts to reduce fertility. You can separate fertility rates into two types of determinants: first being the direct that relates to the behavioral and biological aspects of fertility. And the second are indirect factors such as socioeconomic (one’s income, education, cultural, historical, environmental, and politic-institutional factors Marriage patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa have a number of features that are unique and quite distinct from North America and Europe. Most marriages, particularly in traditional societies, are universal and occur at an early age. This may also be view as a reason to the problem of rapid population growth. The belief systems, customs, traditions, and values of Sub-Saharan Africans have significant impact on fertility levels. The African family structure is male dominated, and decisions about reproduction and family size are usually deferred to the husband. This may tend to make the women find it difficult to talk to their husbands about family planning. Since a high premium is placed on children, African women aspire to elevate their status, comparing with their husband’s request to have more children. Mortality levels in Sub-Saharan Africa have declined substantially over the years, thus converging towards levels associated with more developed countries. Improvements in health, sanitation, and nutrition standards; massive vaccination campaigns against measles, small pox, and other diseases; and increased efforts on the part of World Health Organization and the International Red Cross have all contributed to this downward trend. Even with the lowering of death rates, there are still slight regional variations in mortality levels that reflect environmental, economic, and sociocultural factors. Death rates may be prone to drought, areas with high incidence of AIDS and those areas that have experienced social unrest, civil war, and political upheaval also may have relatively high mortality rates. Migration involves the movement from one administrative unit to another, resulting in a change in permanent residence. Recent estimates show that Sub-Saharan Africa contains 35 million international migrants, almost half of the world’s total. Another concern like many other countries has been the â€Å"brain drain† of African intellectuals and students. Another concern regarding international migration is the refugee crisis, which has taken on added proportions recently. The most widely used definition is one which characterizes refugees as anyone who,†owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality and is unable or unwilling to avail himherself of the protection of that country. † Average per capita food production has declined in many countries, per capita calorie consumption had stagnated at very low levels, and roughly 100 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa are food insecure.. The average African consumes only about 87 percent of the calories needed for a healthy and productive life. Women’s Time, and Their Role in Rural Production and Household Maintenance Systems Most women in Sub-Saharan Africa bear heavy responsibilities for food crop production, weeding and harvesting on men’s fields, post-harvest processing, fuel wood and water provision, and household maintenance. But the burdens on rural women are increasing, as population growth outpaces the evolution of agricultural technology and growing numbers of men leave the farms for urban and industrial jobs. Many factors underlie the persistence of very high human fertility rates. The fundamental problem is low demand for fewer children. Environmental degradation, agricultural problems, food insecurity and poverty, and the heavy work burdens of woman all play a part in this respect. High infant and child mortality rates are a major factor explaining the persistent high demand for large number of children in Africa. Where girls are kept our of school to help with domestic tasks, this negatively affects their fertility preferences and their ability to make informed decisions about family planning once they reach childbearing age. The appropriate policy response and action program to address these problems are not easily brought into compatible focus. Many of the most immediately attractive remedies have been tried and have failed. A key aspect will be to increase demand for fewer children. Educational efforts, directed at both men and women, are needed to raise awareness of the benefits of fewer children. Women’s work loads need to be eased to reduce the need for child labour. Dynamic agricultural development and improved food security will also reduce the demand for children. Promoting Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture Farm productivity per unit area must be raised significantly to generate more output with little increase in the area farmed. To minimize negative impacts on the environment, much more emphasis is required on â€Å"environmentally benign and sustainable† technologies. Numerous such agricultural techniques have been developed and successfully applied, often through adaptation of traditional practices that have evolved in response to local agro-ecological and socioeconomic condition. However, intensification with these technologies alone is unlikely to be sufficient in most Sub-Saharan African countries to achieve agricultural growth rates of 4 percent per year and more. Improved variety/fertilization/farm mechanization technologies will also be necessary. Increased use of fertilizers will be especially important to raise yields and maintain soil fertility. Intensive and resource-conserving agriculture must be made less risky and more profitable. This requires appropriate marketing, price, tax and exchange rate policies as well as investments in rural infrastructure, health and education facilities. Creating parks, reserves and community-owned range land and protecting these against conversion into crop land will be important to conserve natural resources and bio diversity. So will reducing infrastructure development in forests and other fragile areas to discourage settlement in these areas. Since this will limit the scope for further expansion of cropped land and, potentially, the scope for agricultural production growth, there is a trade-off between conservation and agricultural growth. Creating additional protection areas will only be feasible and sustainable if agricultural production can be intensified at the rate suggested here (i. e. to about a 3. 5 percent annual increase in farm out put per unit of land farmed). in this sense, conservation and agricultural intensification are complementary. As African farmers have shown, land scarcity leads to agricultural intensification — if the necessary advice and inputs are available, intensification can be made sustainable and the rate of intensification greatly accelerated. Infrastructure Development and Settlement Policy The strong bias in urban infrastructure investments favoring the few major cities needs to be abandoned. Adequate transport lines to product markets are major factors associated with the intensification of farming — even where population densities are comparatively low. Rural roads and improved tracks navigable for animal-drawn vehicles are crucial. Major efforts are also needed to promote the use of locally suitable and appropriate intermediate transport technology, especially animal-drawn implements, and of improved off-road transport. Infrastructure development also has a major impact on the productivity of rural labour and on key determinants of fertility. Roads provide access to health facilities and schools. Better educated and healthier farmers are more productive and more likely to be innovators. Water supply and sanitation facilities have significant impact on health and labour productivity. Rural water supply, sanitation, health and education facilities and services are particularly important in terms of their impact on infant and child mortality and on female education — both critical determinants of fertility preferences. With the major exceptions of the humid regions of Central and coastal West Africa, almost all of Sub-Saharan Africa will be facing water shortages or water scarcity early in the next century. There is an urgent need for effective hydrological planning and for prudent demand management. Water must be recognized as the critical and limiting resource it is. it must be carefully allocated, and must be protected against pollution. Planning for water use must be based on natural hydrological units such as river basins and integrated with planning for land use and other activities that affect, and are affected by, water development. Since water resources are frequently shared among countries, it is important to cooperate closely in planning for long-term water sharing. Twenty-one of the world’s thirty poorest countries are in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly half the region’s people live in absolute poverty – the equivalent of a dollar a day or less. Positive per capita growth in the past four years has not been enough to prevent an increase in the absolute number living in poverty in sub-Saharan Africa. By end of 1998, nearly 23 million adults and children were estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa – accounting for 2/3 of the world’s infected persons. More than 1. 8 million Africans will die from AIDS this year. New infection rates are staggering: in South Africa, 1,750 are infected by AIDS daily. Problems extend beyond the health sector. HIV/AIDS has raised the cost of doing business, killing professionals, schoolteachers and farmers, reducing incomes now and investments in the future. HIV/AIDS is overloading social welfare systems. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 95% of the 13 million children worldwide who will be orphaned by AIDS by end of 2000. At current rates of population growth, sub-Saharan Africa will grow to over one billion people by 2020, despite declining birthrates and increasing number of deaths from AIDS. Contraceptive prevalence rates have been rising for the last three decades, yet remain under 10% in most of sub-Saharan Africa. The high rate of population growth intensifies existing social, political, economic, and environmental pressures. Aids assists African countries to reduce these pressures through family planning programs emphasizing healthier, smaller families, and through support of girls education, a major determinant of family size. As a result of the above information you can see that rapid population growth in Sub-Saharan Africa at the present time is a moment of opportunity on the African continent. Africa is making new headway: democracy and economic reform are revitalizing the continent, and a number of countries are experiencing dynamic economic growth. With greater political open-ness, African governments are increasingly seeking to address the health and education needs of their people. Despite these positive trends, sub-Saharan Africa faces a development challenge greater than any other region. Africa’s progress has not reached enough people, and too much of the continent is still plagued by political instability. Many African nations are struggling to meet the health and education needs of populations expanding at about three percent a year. In too many countries, rapid population growth continues to threaten the natural resource base and future prospects for prosperity. The region’s ability to slow current high rates of population growth is thus key to achieving its full potential for development. The international community has good reason to care about African development. The continent is endowed with ample mineral and agricultural resources, including the greatest potential in the world for increases in farm productivity. Africa is also one of the last untapped markets for goods and services; industrialized countries thus stand to benefit by trading with a more prosperous Africa. Beyond economic self-interest, there are strong humanitarian reasons to support efforts to alleviate poverty in Africa, home to 11 percent of the world’s population. In many respects, Africa in the late 1990s resembles the East Asian economies as they began their economic take-off three decades ago. African governments need to emphasize three key strategies in their efforts to improve individual well-being and slow population growth. The first priority should be to expand reproductive health and family planning services to meet existing unmet needs. The second, to expand educational and economic opportunities, especially for women, both to improve the lives of individuals and to help encourage a desire for smaller families. The third, to slow the momentum of future population growth through education and reproductive health programs that help young people choose to delay childbearing. Carrying out the comprehensive agenda described above will require enormous effort by African governments. The task is large, yet attainable if these governments increase their current low levels of commitment to reproductive health and family planning programs. Governments and donors should be prepared to invest years of sustained effort to build successful population programs. Over the long haul, there are bound to be setbacks and difficulties. Currently, there is no reason to expect that either the fertility or development transitions will occur more quickly and with less external aid in sub-Saharan Africa than they did in other places. Yet the needs are pressing, and Africa must accelerate the development of population programs and the current trend towards smaller families. This may be possible if African countries are willing to learn as much as possible from the experiences of other regions, while at the same time recognizing the continent’s own special challenges, such as the HIV/AIDS crisis. Africa’s relatively recent establishment of population policies and programs has given it the chance to learn from both the mistakes and achievements of other regions which have grappled with the problem of rapid population growth. African countries, with help from the world community, have the potential to build on these experiences and create their own success story. How to cite Sub-Saharan Africa: An Extraordinary Period of Change, Papers

Hip Hop Research free essay sample

Research Proposal My topic Is how the Truly has come to shape or define how we, the public define hip-hop. The Trinity is the idea of how hip-hop has become ill or sick due to the fact that it has evolved from the old traditional days into the new pimp, h, and gangs type of hip-hop. In my paper I will diagnose what the you would consider the original thoughts were of hip-hop and how they have been altered. The thought back then for what we now now wasnt close to anything like it is now days.There was a sense of community and also a big tradition and name that people had to hold up. It wasnt about getting girls. It was about sticking it to the man and people back in the day showed ways to stick It to the man in many different ways. The second thing that I will try to do Is paint a picture for my readers on the Trinity. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not many people know exactly how much there views have been shaped by this sickness In hip-hop by these songs.For example, Togas Make It Nasty song Is completely about having sex and doing drugs. But at the same time there is a deeper message behind it. A message of how many girls he can get and how many rubber bands he is pippin. Thats not what hip-hop is all about. As I stated before Im doing to digest how this new pimp, ho, and gangs style of hip-hop has defined on how the regular listener has defined hip-hop, as well as really help people understand what hip-hop really is .

Analysis of Employee Benefits within an Organisation The WritePass Journal

Analysis of Employee Benefits within an Organisation Introduction Analysis of Employee Benefits within an Organisation Introduction Types of Employee Benefits2.1 Disadvantages of employee benefits2.2 Advantage of employee benefits   Compensation Management Influence Over Employees and CompaniesConclusions References Bibliography   Related Introduction The purpose of this essay is to open the discussion about one of the most relevant features for the human beings these days, the payment schemes such as salaries, wages and benefits that employees receive in retribution of their work. On this paper work it will be developed the next question â€Å"If employees undervalue the cost of benefits, why should a company not drop benefits and simply add more direct compensation?† On first instance, is precisely to say that the direct compensation is the monetary benefits that employees receive in return of the service they provide to the company, such as basic salary, rent allowance, travel allowances and medical reimbursements among others; on the other hand indirect compensation is the non monetary benefits that the employees receive such as life insurance, health security, pension, vacations and flexible timings among others. Thus, the payment programs have become one of the most important issues on the human life nowadays, that ´s because they define the opportunities and choices that one person has to provide wellness, security and a future to their families or their loved ones, and in the same way feel recognition for their capabilities and efforts. Consequently, there have always been different systems of pay and compensations to suit the employees and employers requirements, for this reason there are wages with non monetary and monetary benefits. Employees typically depend on salaries and wages to get a stable income and on benefits to provide health and security. For employers, compensation decisions influence their cost of doing business and thus, their ability to sell at a competitive price in the goods and/or service markets. Far beyond that, compensation decisions determinate the employers ability to compete for qualified employees in the labour market. (Ferris, et. al, p.528) Employee compensation practices differ across employment units (e.g., organizations, business units, and facilities) on several dimensions. Dimension like Form (cash or benefits), Level (How much do people disserve to earn for their job), Structure (hierarchies and pay differential within an employee unit), Mix (how and when cash compensation is disbursed) and finally Pay Administration (pay policies and who is in charge of that process) (Ferris, et. al, p.528).The central point of the employee compensation discussion has been on defining these dimensions, researching why organizations differ on them, and considering whether such differences have consequences on employee behaviours and attitude; Along this work this topic will be developed deeply and it will be shown examples of how it can vary and how this contribute to the question above. Now then, as it was mentioned before indirect compensation refers to benefits, is essential to understand that this benefits are forms of value (non monetary) that are provided to the employee in return for his/her job. That ´s why when it refers to employee benefits the most common are: vacations-holidays, employee stock ownership plans, retirement plans, health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, pension, leisure bonuses, etc. Benefits are increasingly expensive for businesses to provide to employees, so the range and options of benefits are changing rapidly to include, for example, flexible benefit plans and timings. Despite that some employees undervalue the benefits, it ´s important to say that companies cannot drop benefits that easy because two essential reasons. The first reason is because of the law; the benefits must be given to the employees as part of the remuneration of their job or services, that ´s legal issue and must be part of the pay policies of the company. The second reason is because employees like parents or elder people prefer benefits as they find them important for their families, their retirement or their pension schemes. Other aspects that companies find important are that the indirect compensation can encourage the employee to do a better job, creates a sense of trust and loyalty between the employee and the employer. This way compensation plays such a key role because it is at the heart of the employment relationship, being of critical importance to both employees and employers; also that ´s a reason why organizations are becoming more concerned with positioning employee compensation as a strategic human resource management function in order to obtain competitive advantage. Types of Employee Benefits Each country has different forms of salaries, wages and benefits. In the UK, employee benefits are categorised by three terms: Flexible Benefits, Voluntary Benefits and Core Benefits. (Price, 2007, p.467) The first term is Flexible Benefits, also called Flex Scheme, is where employees are allowed to choose how a proportion of their remuneration is paid. This is normally delivered by allowing employees to sacrifice part of their pre-tax pay in exchange for a car, additional holiday, a shorter working week or other similar benefits, or give up benefits for additional cash remuneration. The second is Voluntary Benefits; these are the collection of benefits that employees choose to receive. These tend to be schemes such as the government-backed, Bike2Work and Childcare Vouchers (Accor Services, Busybees, Sodexho, KiddiVouchers, Early Years Vouchers Ltd). Employee Discount schemes are often setup by employers as a perk of working at the organization. (www.cipd.co.uk) Finally, Core Benefits is the term given to benefits which all staff enjoys, such as holiday, sick pay and flexible schedule. In recent years, many UK companies have used the tax and national insurance savings gained through the implementation of salary sacrifice system, to fund the implementation of flexible benefits. In a salary sacrifice arrangement, an employee gives up the right to part of the cash remuneration due under their contract of employment. Usually, the sacrifice is made in return for the employers agreement to provide them with some form of non-cash benefit. The most popular types of salary sacrifice benefits include childcare vouchers and pensions, that’s a reason why indirect compensation still being important for some workers like those who are parents or those who are close to retirement. 2.1 Disadvantages of employee benefits In the UK these benefits are often taxed at the individual’s normal tax rate,which can be expensive if there is no financial advantage to the individual from the benefit. The UK system of state pension provision is dependent upon the payment of National Insurance Contributions NIC. Salary exchange schemes will result in reduced NIC payments and so are also liable to reduce the state benefits, most notably the state second pension. (www.cipd.co.uk) 2.2 Advantage of employee benefits   The benefits are an important component of a companys remuneration package for attracting and retaining its employees. The benefits serve as incentives to the employees and encourage them to work hard for the organisation, instead of give up part of their salaries. These also help in building up job satisfaction. In the same way, there can be advantages for employers; one of the major advantages is an easing of their own cash flow. Another advantage is the option to negotiate discounts with benefit providers, this could represent savings for the company when the personnel is large, so the provision of non cash benefits can consequently be cheaper than the part of the salary that the employee is giving up. Some benefits are attractive even for young workers such as a company car or mobile phones, which can be provided by the employer and without having to make these arrangements by the employee. On the other hand, tax advantages are extended to employees as well as employers. Some benefits package provides a tax advantage; for example, if the employer pays for the mobile phone, this is treated as a non-taxable benefit, so this can represent a significant tax saving over the course of a year, for both parts. Compensation Management Influence Over Employees and Companies (Example 1) On this case, AVIVA an insurance company has proposed closing its final-salary pension scheme, because is considered inequitable and unsustainable. On this case, the reason of the closure of the final-salary pension was because it took two-thirds of Avivas contributions to UK staff pension arrangements, but only one-third of UK staff had the final-salary benefit. This proposal come after a string of businesses announced their intentions to close final-salary schemes to current members. Construction firm Taylor Wimpey, Trinity Mirror, Pirelli, Fujitsu, Barclays, Morrisons, Vodafone, BMI, Dairy Crest, IBM and Costain all said they planned to do so in the last year. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/) Now this could be a problem, as it means the typical worker will lose a third of expected pension payments, but also it can proved the high costs of indirect compensation for organizations. On the other hand, incentives and motivation programs can reduce the cost of the benefits expenses for the companies; on the following two examples it can be proved. (Example 2) The company name is Rim Hospitality, which is a hotel, resort and boutique property management company. With rising workers compensation expenses, Rim Hospitality needed to find a cost effective solution that would motivate employees to help reduce these costs, and also maximize efficiencies with employee productivity and scheduling. The plan developed by this company consisted in implementing a prepaid MasterCard card as the award to the employees, which provided the employee the freedom to choose what they want, when they want it. With this plan, Rim Hospitality experienced positive results almost immediately which have steadily increased. Thus, over two years, they reduced workers compensation claims by 29% and therefore this meant more productivity to compensate the cost of benefits and savings of $634,000 during that time. (www.hrmreport.com) (Example 3) There is another case where incentives and motivation programs can reduce the cost of the benefits expenses. This example is referred to Pepsi Bottling Group (PBG) which is the worlds largest manufacturer, seller and distributor of Pepsi-Cola beverages. In 2005, PBG was working on a better way to manage the rising cost of health care for its employees. They did that by educating their employees on various health related issues. First of all, PBG implemented an employee survey to get feedback on the interest of their employees. Thus, all the employees who had participated in the survey were rewarded with a prepaid card as an incentive; following the survey period, employees were offered a variety of healthcare educational classes to attend. When the class was completed, the employee received an additional prepaid Card as a reward for completing the class. Time after the implementation of that program, PBG has noticed that expenses generated by health disease, absence, emot ional conflicts, and health insurance costs were lowered in 47%. (www.hrmreport.com)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Now then, sometimes a bad healthcare can drive up the cost of the benefits for employees and employers. (Example 4) Similar to the previous, this example shows that according to the U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics, as of 2009, trucking had an injury rate 30 percent higher than other U.S. industries. This coupled with higher average medical and indemnity costs, makes employer costs will go higher; therefore this will lead to higher workers compensation costs and any savings employers thought they were accruing will be lost when injuries go up. So, the higher rates can be attributed in part to several factors. Because of the nature of their work many drivers are out of shape, eat badly, smoke too much, dont do exercise and hardly ever get enough sleep. As a result of this, they found themselves susceptible to heart attacks and diabetes, as well as a myriad of strains, sprains and various other muscular-skeletal injuries. This makes truckers a danger on the road but also a danger to themselves, and by the way driving up employers costs. (http://web.ebscohost.com) (Example 5) Sometimes working in a non traditional way like working from home is a benefit that workers value, especially if they have families. This example shows that an AIM survey made in 2006, indicated that 40% of companies in Massachusetts were looking at ways to decrease the compensation budget, which meant that workers wouldn’t have been happy with that news, for that reason employers found the way to offset the dissatisfaction that will cause. They proposed to give flexible hours of work, telecommuting, and other lifestyle benefits; but perhaps, one of the most important benefits was the opportunity to work from home or 50/50 (half in the office and half in home), that was a differential factor and was used even as a recruiting tool. (http://web.ebscohost.com) That is an important benefit that more and more companies have put in practice, because they can trust and rely on people, this is a management new thinking and change of attitude, where people find that they work hard when no one is looking at them, that they don’t need a supervisor all the time or someone just watching if theyre working. This aspect was very important for families and parents who wanted to expend more time with their sons and relatives. (Example 6) Another option growing in popularity is flexible time and banks system, which consist on time off available to use at any time, instead of the typical, two weeks of vacation, five sick day permission, and 10 holidays. That way, employers are not asking to the workers if are they sick today, or if do they want the day off; because with the banks system and flexible times they can make some long weekends or take some time off in the middle of the week. That type of flexibility is definitely attractive to employees. (www.businesswest.com) By a short break, it has been found that the cost of the benefits could be a high risk when the PESTE factors (Political, Economical, Social, Technological and environmental) affect the organization. (Example 7) In Colombia for example, in the nineties when the government decided to open his economy to the neo liberal model of free trade and the invisible hand of Smith that in theory regulates the economy and the prices of buy and sale, a lot of Organizations in the textile industry suffered the consequences of that Governmental policy. There was a specific company that went to bankrupt in a short time after the economic opened, that company was Coltejer who had been one of the biggest companies in the textile industry in Colombia; the reason is that this company gave good benefits to their employees which made this one of the top organizations in where people desired to work, the benefits ranging from computers and household facilities provided by the company to cars that employees could acquire after have worked for some years in the company. So basically, when the Chinese and East Asia products got in the Colombian market, Coltejer could not compete with the bargaining and cheap prices of those products, that because of the high costs of benefits that Coltejer was holding with their employees, among other reasons, and the company could not bear and overcome the price difference, despite the fact that external products were low in quality; so in this case it can be seen that high costs of benefits could provide go od talents and satisfied employees, but also could be a high risk option for the organization if an external factor affect the business. (Example 8) In the same way in Chile, the shoes industry was affected by the PESTE factors; it was basically after signing the free trade agreement with China 4 years ago, and as a result of the undefeatable prices of Chinese shoes companies, many companies in Chile had to reduce staff and reduce both compensations direct and indirect, which brought turbulence and imbalance to the companies. (www.economiaynegocios.cl/) (Example 9) Although, external factors could be positive in a medium term perspective, like natural resources prices, especially the petroleum high prices; where in countries like Venezuela usually bring big wealthy to the people, such is the case of PDVSA, the Petroleum Public Company of Venezuela, which is one of the biggest companies in the petroleum industry over the world, and because the petroleum bonanza and the high prices of the barrel make that PDVSA could give spectacular and expensive benefits to their employees, such as car, housing, vacations, education (sons of PDVSA employees receive education allowances and scholarships to study abroad, and free education in Venezuela). So this shows the magnitude and the impact of the benefits on the employee’s life and in the company’s costs. (www.pdvsa.com) (Example 10) A survey made by Personnel Today found that, in half of 700 organisations who responded to the survey, take-up of childcare vouchers was less than 6%, and only 9% of organisations reported more than 30% staff take-up of the vouchers. So it means that poor communication of the benefits of the schemes is the result of the low take-up. However, the survey shows that there is growing awareness of the existence of childcare voucher schemes, which enable employers to offer working parents vouchers to pay for registered childcare without having to pay tax or National Insurance contributions. Most organisations (81%) said staff awareness of childcare vouchers had increased over the last five years, and that offering childcare vouchers could be a deciding factor in attracting working parents and retaining key staff. The final conclusion of the survey applied to the organizations, shown that 91% either agreeing or strongly agreeing that offering childcare vouchers improved an empl oyers reputation. The research also looked into employer interest in offering a similar scheme for staff that needed to look after elderly dependants and the results shown that 59% were interested in introducing them. (www.personneltoday.com) (Example 11) As it has been said along this work, good benefits are useful to attract and retain qualified staff for a company, now then, it also help the company to save money. That ´s because attractive benefits facilitate a companys bottom line on multiple levels, and one that shouldnt be ignored is the cost of replacing employees who become dissatisfied and leave. The cost to replace an employee can be anywhere from 30% to 40% of somebodys salary up to 150%, and is money that the employer is going to spend on recruiting and retraining. (web.ebscohost.com) (Example 12) On this order, employers might offer workers a motivating and attractive package that says, if you stay with me five years or 10 years, at the end of that time, Ill give you a raise that might be equal to 50% of the base salary. Because its on an individual basis, the employer cannot take a tax deduction for what he is spending, but if the employee got skills and talents that the organization needs to his optimal productivity, it would be more important to tie the employee to the organization for 5 or 10 years. That arrangement appeals to people at certain stages of life. For example, someone with two children is going to be staring to college costs in a little less than a decade. By offering to double his starting salary after 5 years, the employer can bring a little financial-planning reassurance to the worker, while not having to worry about losing the assets he brings to the company. Employees nearing retirement age might also find value in such an offer. (web.ebscoh ost.com) (Example 13) This is the case of Unisys (IT Services Company) which has had a flexible benefits scheme for 13 years. This has changed a lot over that time to reflect staff interests, and is split into three categories security, wellbeing and lifestyle. Unisys workers average salary is about  £50,000. Andrew White, reward manager, says We found high interest in security-type benefits rather than lifestyle, so tried to tailor as many as we can in the insurance sector. Security benefits include critical illness insurance, travel insurance and group income protection. The most popular benefits are critical illness, dental insurance, holiday-trading and income protection. (http://proquest.umi.com) (Example 14) In the case of retail giant Tesco, who offers its employees a wide selection of benefits, including a defined benefit (DB) pension scheme that is open to all staff, three all-employee share schemes, life assurance, childcare vouchers and discounts at theme parks. Tesco also offers all its employees a discount card (the Privilege card), which gives a 10% discount on shopping in all Tesco stores and online. Staff can save a maximum of  £730 a year. Staff feedback shows the Privilege card is top of the list of most valued benefits. The reason the Privilege card is so popular is because staff get immediate benefit from it, they get money off their shopping receipt. (http://proquest.umi.com) On the other hand, voluntary benefits include a staff tariff on the Tesco Mobile network and discounts at Tesco Bank. Each pay period, Tesco includes a new offer, for example extra deals on clothing, home ware or photo processing. With nearly 290,000 UK staff and from different nationalities, Tesco has a wide range of needs to consider. (Example 15) Telegraph Media Group is an organization who gives to their employees’ wide range of benefits, and that’s the cause of why more than 80% of the employees have declared to be satisfied with benefits. One of Telegraphs most popular benefits is the pension scheme, where the company pays a lot into that and employees don’t get charged for administration. In the same way there is a good website for the pension scheme. This is very important issue for employees therefore in the current situation, because they can save their pensions and don’t have to worry about the public pot. (http://proquest.umi.com) Another valued issue is the health and wellbeing services provided by Telegraph, such as its on-site gym, free and subsidised fitness classes, free corporate massage service, and on-site doctor with physiotherapy services. All this kind of smart compensation policies ease the life of the employees and also the productivity and work environment of the company. (Example 16) Another example is the one about the Oil and Gas Company Subsea 7, who employs 1,800 people in the UK and they consider that is essential to create a clever payment strategy to attract and retain the best people. Considering this the company first introduced tax-efficient perks offered via salary sacrifice arrangements, then built on this with a total reward statement and a flex scheme. To ensure the package is understood and appreciated by staff, it tracks a variety of measurements, including the number who has enrolled on the benefits website, the choices they make, how often they visit the site, and the take-up of different benefits. (http://proquest.umi.com) Conclusions During this essay, it has been tried to demonstrate what is better for both employees and companies in terms of compensation. As it has been shown the compensation could vary depending on the company policies and the HR strategies. As human beings we are looking always for the best choice for us, it must be a choice that satisfy the basic needs one person has and at the same time gave him/her wellbeing, comfort and happiness. In the same way companies are looking for the best way to attract and retain excellent staff, which brings quality, productivity, growth, status, competitiveness and profits to the company. Now then, compensation is just the manner in which the employees get some pay in return of the services they have given to the company. The main question of this essay put a hypothetical situation in which employees undervalue the cost of the benefits, and the company has to decide whether remove the benefits and add more direct compensation, which would means add more monetary value, more basic salary or just more allowances; now then, as it has been shown before, the needs of each employee differs depending on the age, personal aims, family type, lifestyle, culture, religion and even education level. So it’s essential that the employer knows perfectly well the characteristics and the staff behaviour, in order to offer the best compensation package for each group of workers, and also to save money and gain productivity and competitiveness. As it has been mentioned before, the company could gain productivity and competitiveness just by offering to their employees’ nice conditions, because the worker who feels that the company really care about him and give to him everything he needs could work the double in the half of time, giving better results and being committed with the business, so that’s how an employer can create loyal and good workers. On the other hand, when companies chose the right compensation packages for their employees, they will be saving money and the reason is because on one side they won’t waste money in benefits that employees don’t like or undervalue or even they are not going to use, and on the other side the save money because if they keep the employees satisfied they won’t be need to spend money on recruiting and training new staff. So, my answer to the main question is that, employers have to do everything necessary to keep employees satisfied, as they are the gears of the machine, so if in this case or in one specific company the employees undervalue the benefits and prefer more direct compensation, I must say that on first instance a general check in of the compensation program must be done, so it means to check the different dimension of payment such as form, level, structure, mix and the pay policies of the company. Is necessary to know that some benefits cannot be removed, as they must be given as a legal issue (e.g. social security or pensions), other flexible benefits could be removed or added according the characteristic of the employee, because I can’t offer a 25 years old person, whose marital status is single a childcare voucher or long term plans benefits, may be this person could be more attracted with travel allowances, or just have more cash to spend on leisure activities; on the other sid e a mother with little kids should be more interested in flexible timings, work from home, health care insurance and vacations, and in the same way an old person is probably thinking in pension schemes. Now then, for the company instead, the fact of add more direct compensation could represent a more complicated manage of the cash flow and at the same time could be more expensive, as employees are not giving up part of their salaries in exchange of the benefits, and some companies usually negotiate discounts with some benefit providers, instead it cannot be done with the employees salary; in addition, with indirect compensation employers get tax advantages, that could be relevant throughout of the year. In conclusion, if the employer adds more direct compensation he could lose money, because he won’t have tax advantages, there won’t be salary sacrifice system so there won’t be possibility to negotiate with benefit providers and as a result it will be also more complicated to manage the cash flow without those benefits. Now on the other hand, if the employees are not completely satisfied with the indirect compensation, it will mean that the work environment could be affected and as a result the productivity, competitiveness and loyalty of the staff which in a medium term could be expensive for the company. So it’s a complex situation, which I’m agree in part, because it require a smart strategy that permit the employer hold indirect compensation in order to benefit the company wealth, assets and resources, but at the same time is necessary offer good perks to employees in order to create incentives and wellbeing among them and thus boost each employ ee to get the best of them. References Books: Ferris, Gerald R., Rosen, Sherman D. And Barnum, Darold T. Handbook of Human Resources Management. (1995) Blackwell Publishers, first ed., Oxford,   pp. 528-570 Price, Alan. Human Resource Management in a Business Context. (2007) Cengage learning EMEA, third ed., London, p. 467-488. Redman, Tom and Wilkinson, Adrian. Contemporary Human Resource Management. (2009) Prentice Hall, third ed. Essex, p. 139-174. Electronic Articles and Internet:   Aviva to close final-salary pension scheme (20th April 2010). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8633088.stm [31st March 2011] HR Management Employee Incentive, Recognition and Reward Case Study. (2005) hrmreport.com/article/HR-Management-Employee-Incentive-Recognition-and-Reward-Case-Study/ [ 1st April 2011].   HR Management Employee Incentive, Recognition and Reward Case Study. (2005) hrmreport.com/article/HR-Management-Employee-Incentive-Recognition-and-Reward-Case-Study/ [ 1st April 2011].   direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/index.htm [2nd April 2011]. human-capital-management.net/business/   [3rdApril 2011] Hudson Valley Business Journal May 17. 2010 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104 [4th April 2011] Hudson Valley Business Journal May 17. 2010 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104 [4th April 2011] personneltoday.com/home/default.aspx   [4th April 2011] http://businesswest.com/archive [4th April 2011] economiaynegocios.cl/mis_finanzas/detalles/home_fin.asp?seccion=3   [4th April 2011] pdvsa.com/interface.sp/database/fichero/publicacion/6409/1279.PDF[4th April 2011] personneltoday.com/home/default.aspx [4thApril 2011] cipd.co.uk/search/searchresults.aspx?recommended=TrueQuery=compensation+and+benefitsPageIndex=1sortby=relevancesitetype=REDESIGN_MAIN [8th April 2011] Hudson Valley Business Journal May 17. 2010 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104   [10th April 2011] http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104 [10th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  Dec 2010.   pg.24 http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=6did=2202553811SrchMode=3sid=3Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302484952clientId=65930aid=2 [13th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  Jul 2010.   pg.20   http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=8did=2202553441SrchMode=3sid=3Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302485310clientId=65930aid=2 [13th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  May 2010.   pg.43   http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=8did=2073932571SrchMode=3sid=5Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302485541clientId=65930aid=3 [13th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  May 2010.   pg.44   http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=2did=2028876661SrchMode=3sid=6Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302485717clientId=65930aid=3 [14th April 2011] peoplemanagement.co.uk/pm/subjects/employment-law/ [15th April 2011] Bibliography   Ferris, Gerald R., Rosen, Sherman D. And Barnum, Darold T. Handbook of Human Resources Management. (1995) Blackwell Publishers, first ed., Oxford,   pp. 528-570 Price, Alan. Human Resource Management in a Business Context. (2007) Cengage learning EMEA, third ed., London, p. 467-488. Dowling, Peter and Festing, Marion and Allen D, Engle. International Human Resource Management. (2008) Cengage learning EMEA fifth ed.   Hough, Alison. Employment Law. (2006) Old Bailey Press third ed., London.   Redman, Tom and Wilkinson, Adrian. Contemporary Human Resource Management. (2009) Prentice Hall, third ed. Essex, p. 139-174. Electronic Articles and Internet:   Aviva to close final-salary pension scheme (20th April 2010). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8633088.stm [31st March 2011] HR Management Employee Incentive, Recognition and Reward Case Study. (2005) hrmreport.com/article/HR-Management-Employee-Incentive-Recognition-and-Reward-Case-Study/ [ 1st April 2011].   HR Management Employee Incentive, Recognition and Reward Case Study. (2005) hrmreport.com/article/HR-Management-Employee-Incentive-Recognition-and-Reward-Case-Study/ [ 1st April 2011].   direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/index.htm [2nd April 2011]. human-capital-management.net/business/   [3rdApril 2011] Hudson Valley Business Journal May 17. 2010 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104 [4th April 2011] Hudson Valley Business Journal May 17. 2010 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104 [4th April 2011] personneltoday.com/home/default.aspx   [4th April 2011] http://businesswest.com/archive [4th April 2011] economiaynegocios.cl/mis_finanzas/detalles/home_fin.asp?seccion=3   [4th April 2011] pdvsa.com/interface.sp/database/fichero/publicacion/6409/1279.PDF[4th April 2011] personneltoday.com/home/default.aspx [4thApril 2011] cipd.co.uk/search/searchresults.aspx?recommended=TrueQuery=compensation+and+benefitsPageIndex=1sortby=relevancesitetype=REDESIGN_MAIN [8th April 2011] Hudson Valley Business Journal May 17. 2010 http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104   [10th April 2011] http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21hid=119sid=b9cb39d4-a1c7-499b-9d41-b7631902a20a%40sessionmgr104 [10th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  Dec 2010.   pg.24 http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=6did=2202553811SrchMode=3sid=3Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302484952clientId=65930aid=2 [13th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  Jul 2010.   pg.20   http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=8did=2202553441SrchMode=3sid=3Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302485310clientId=65930aid=2 [13th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  May 2010.   pg.43   http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=8did=2073932571SrchMode=3sid=5Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302485541clientId=65930aid=3 [13th April 2011] Employee Benefits.  Ã‚  May 2010.   pg.44   http://proquest.umi.com.ez.urosario.edu.co/pqdweb?index=2did=2028876661SrchMode=3sid=6Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1302485717clientId=65930aid=3 [14th April 2011] peoplemanagement.co.uk/pm/subjects/employment-law/ [15th April 2011]

Childrens Television Drama Essays

Childrens Television Drama Essays Childrens Television Drama Essay Childrens Television Drama Essay Q1 What meanings are conveyed to the audience through the visual signs used in your programs? The programs I am analysing are Byker Grove and Shoebox Zoo. They are both aimed at younger children, this is there targeted audicence this is evident in Byker Groves opening sequence, as it has many vibrant colours such as yellow and red which connates the light heartedness and the innocence of the show, it is also very fast paced and energetic. However in the opening sequence of Shoebox Zoo it is different, the colours that are used are mainly dark reds connating the danger and the more seriousness of the drama. The sequence also implies that they are on some kind of quest. There is also a white light glow around one of the characters, which usually connotes that they are good and of some importance. The camera work that is used in the opening sequence of Shoebox Zoo has many slow motions and is shot mid shot, this connates the emotion of the characters the soft focus also amplifies this fact of emotion. At the end of this sequence is there is an old, medieval font, it is very magi cal and fits the quest storyline and the genre well. In the Byker Grove opening sequence the font that is used is a graphiti type of font which connates the childish side of the show. The first sequence of Byker Grove is set in the Grove, which is in essence is there youth club. The lighting in this first scene has a very naturalistic lighting to it, the decorations in the youth club are vivid and vibrant with bright reds and yellows again conveying the happiness of the show. The fist sequence in Shoebox Zoo Marnie and her Father are driving in the car and it is a dull day, with greys and dark colours being used, which again amplifies the seriousness of the show. In another scene they are all sat round a camp fire at night, the camera cuts to the sky, which shows the moving grey clouds which shows the danger of the scene, and it comes across as scary. In Byker Grove there is a scene where there is a child arguing with another, the camera shots are quite close to the two, then one of the childs throws a drink at the other, and the camera sharply zooms into the stain and then a close-up shot of the childs face, who is not pleased, this sort of camera work is a very basic way to show the anger of the child, this basic way is used extensivly as it is simple and easy for the children to get the idea of the scene. This fast paced switching between characters is used again in Byker Grove, in this scene we have to children and they have just eaten a meal, but cannot pay for it, so what we have is them arguing between themselves as to who pays for it, the camera goes backwards and forwards to each characters in a fast moving, fast paced way, and this shows the panic of the two very well. On Shoebox Zoo there is a scene where they are camping in a tent at night, the lighting is very dark and there is wind and rain outside connatating the disturbing atmosphere of the scene. Shoebox Zoo unlike Byker Grove uses a lot of animation, both for its characters and its intro. The animated characters add a kind of mystical, dreamlike side to the story, as the characters are very magical and unreal and fit this certain genre very well.It is also very sterotypical of a child with the dreamlike attributes of a child having these animated charecters is very beneficial to the story. And containing these character s is a very good way of enhancing the excitement of the journey which they are on. Q2 What important representations are there in your texts? Give reasons for your answers In Shoe Box Zoo one of the main characters is Professor Toledo. He is the evil villain within the story and is represented as a dark and dangerous shape shifter.The sterotype of an evil villain in a childrens drama is a old usually wearing black and often strange in appearance man. Toledo is not the stereotypical villain, looking at what he wears, a white cloak and gown, it comes apparent that these clothes do not conform to the usually bad guy image. There is a reason for this as he was once good, hence the white cloak but is now fallen evil. The white cloak also connotes a kind of magical and wizard like person which fits in perfectly with the story.It is however clear that he is the villian, this is clear in the way he speaks and the anger he puts across on screen towards the other charecters.The generic element of the good VS evil is clearly evident in this drama, with Toledo being the villian with his menacing ways and the hero being a young inecent girl that the children can ea sily relate too. Toledos body language suggest he is a powerful character with upright composure and his commanding presents, he also uses his hands a lot to express his feelings, and he often looks down towards an other character McTaggart, his servent. The way Toledo speaks and his use of language is very menacing, representing the evilness he brings to the story, he uses various words and speaks them quick and hard which also represents his power as a villain. In one scene Toledo is giving orders to McTaggart however he refuses to carry out the orders and McTaggart then walks away, suddenly Toledo appears from no-where and McTaggart then sees his power and accepts his order, we the audience are suppose to feel afraid and the power of Toledo as McTaggart feels. In Byker grove there is a character called Bradley, he is a lively teenager with a slightly annoying personality. If we take a look at what he wears its clear that he is represented as an individual in contrast to his peers and deffiantly a leader with the other charecters being the follwers of him.He wears a smart Tee shirt under a Blazer and casual trousers. In comparison to the other teenagers in the show who wear baggy jeans and Tee Shirts. The conations of his Blazer are that he is quite business like and more mature than the rest of the teenagers. His body language can be overwhelming, one instance of this is when there are two adult youth club workers ideologically of higher importance than him are sat down and he stands up and seems to overshadow them, and comes across as a figure of authority. The way Bradley speaks and his certain tone of voice suggest it is possible that he is a homosexual, which later comes apparent in the episode. The way the camera pans to Bradley and t he frequency implies that he is of greater importance than the other characters. When watching Byker Grove it is obvious that he is one of the main characters in this series and he is represented to that of a father figure, if the teenagers have problems they consult Bradley.

The History of Grammar School Education in England Essay

The History of Grammar School Education in England - Essay Example This essay declares that the modern education system has developed to become a public facility that is accessible to every person in the society. When religious bodies started education forum, they intended to form a training ground for Latin language that was the traditional language that linked people in religion. This paper stresses that in the 19th century, education experienced numerous changes that are regarded as critical turning points in the history of education. This period began with the leadership of the Lord Chancellor who came with the motive of abolishing the traditional school system that only paid attention to the study of Greek and Latin. His feeling was that the system was unprogressive and immodest for a world that was quickly changing and experiencing forces that demanded an expansion of the education culture. In 1840, the Grammar School Act was put in place to allow the traditional school to teach other languages such as French other than the traditional languages. This wave of change was suppressed by other forces that were foreseen in the Grammar School Act. In this act, the head of the school had to approve a change in the educational structure within the institution and hence those who did not feel the necessity to revise their learning subjects were left at liberty to retain their old system. This freedom of the educational heads to decide the kind of curriculum to teach in their schools inhibited institutional transformation. By the year 1968, the number of grammar school in England was at a figure of 782, and an increase in these figures was anticipated. In this year, the Public Schools Act came into existence and formed a new era when regulation policies for institutions became evident (Miner, 2010, P. 32). This act was enacted by the British parliament that as a reformation strategy that would see the leading English boys’ schools that had been previously grown out of some traditional charity school. After this act, these schools were placed under the direct care of the government as public schools apart from a few schools such as St Pauls’ and Merchant Taylor schools that were able to prove their authenticity as private schools. This was a critical point in the history when the educational system became divided into public and private, which is a characteristic of the modern education system. Another markable transition came into place after the formulation of the Endowed Schools act in 1869 that sought to change the social aspect of the traditional school system. After the Public schools act launched a policy to control the nine leading boys' school, the Taunton commission was given the mandate to investigate the affairs of the 782 grammar schools that existed by that time. In their investigation, the commission gave a feedback report that noted the gender imbalance that existed in these schools and the low quality of education that was offered (Miner, 2010, P. 32). The two issues were identified as a weakness of the educational system and that these conditions did not match the demands of the current population. In this regard, the government sought to reform educational structures by imposing an act that would enhance quality and gender balance in these grammar schools. Consequently, the Endowed school s act was put in place and declared that some

Chose an interesting topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chose an interesting topic - Essay Example This leads Alice to be even more frustrated than she was in earlier chapters. While on the surface the way of life in Wonderland seems strange to Alice, this is perhaps because she is not really at home. Not being from Wonderland means that she cannot really understand the mindset of the critters that reside in the area. In this way, she grows increasingly mad at the actions that are taking place around her, when she should be soaking up what is being said and trying to understand what is really happening. Take the fact, for example, that every question Alice asks in chapters six and seven is met with a nonsensical answer. This is completely alien to Alice’s way of life. She was raised, the reader is lead to believe, in a world that has purpose and direction. In her mind, Wonderland lacks both. Her questions, while logical in her former world, are actually illogical to the animals in Wonderland. In this way, the animals and Alice continue to go back and forth, until Alice is on the verge of giving up. It is quite interesting to watch this ‘battle of the minds’ and consider how it will play out through the remainder of the

Project1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project1 - Essay Example The products are marketed as a total solution to different hair and scalp problems and thereby act as market leaders in scalp care. Over the years from 1961 to current, ‘Head and Shoulders’ have slowly evolved as one of the best shampoos to fight perennial problems like dandruff and hair fall and also other types of scalp problems. Products marketed under the Dandruff category are further divided into three types like shampoo, conditioner and 2-in-1 for both men and women customers. Shampoos and hair products of Head and Shoulders generate a wide array of benefits to customers like generating protection to damaged and broken hair and also in making hair thicker, stronger and moist in nature (Procter & Gamble, 2014). Procter and Gamble, the company that markets Head and Shoulders operates as a multinational company in the consumer goods segment. The company aims at producing branded products that contribute in enhancing the lives of consumers along different parts of the globe. Value additions are generated in terms of innovating different product offerings to meet the changing needs of the consumers from time to time and in retailing the right quality and quantity of products to the customers (Procter & Gamble, 2014). Procter and Gamble is well known in terms of the global brands created by the company along which are marketed by the company along different consumer segments spread along 180 different countries. Current estimates related to Procter and Gamble reflect that the company through its operation baaed along 23 different brands earns the potential of generating a total sales revenue of around $10 billion. Another set of 14 brands tend to generate a total sales of around $1billion in an annual fashion. The rate of market capitalization for Procter and Gamble is evaluated to be greater than the Gross Domestic Product of a number

Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Article 1 Socioeconomic Position and Factors Associated With Use of a Nonsupine Infant Sleep Position: Findings From the Canadian Maternity Experiences Survey SIDS is the surprising loss of life of an baby young than one year of age. SIDS continues to be mysterious after a thorough case research, such as efficiency of a complete autopsy, evaluation of the loss of life field and evaluation of medical record.Unexpected Child Loss of life Issue has always been a challenge to scientists.. So far no concepts or details are able to provide a effective response for this. Physicians have did not figure out whether the child instantly had a center problem or just basically missing the capability to take in. Over 70 different concepts have been suggested to describe the cause of SIDS The chance of SIDS usually mountains in babies older between 2-4 several weeks of age, it is very unusual within the first month of birth and threat decreases after six several weeks of age. Research has revealed that about 90% of SIDS fatalities happen in babies young than six several weeks of age. In SIDS an baby between the age groups of two to four several weeks is discovered deceased during a period of sleep. The surprising loss of life of previously healthy babies is all the more surprising and harmful. Sudden baby loss of life is a terrible event for any mother or father or care provider. This is the most severe disaster mother and father can face, a disaster which results in them with unhappiness and a feeling of weeknesses that continues throughout their lives. SIDS is also generally known as Bed loss of life, Cot loss of life, Sudden mysterious loss of life in beginnings (SUDI). Unexpected Baby Loss of life Issue has always been a challenge to scientists. The cause (or caus es) of SIDS is still a secret. SIDS is one of the top causes of infant death in USA. So far no concepts or details are able to give a effective response for this. Physicians have did not figure out whether the child instantly had a center problem or just simply missing the capability to take in. Over 70 different concepts have been suggested to describe the cause of SIDS. In facedown position, air activity around the oral cavity is also affected. This can cause the baby to rebreathe just blown out co2. Normal air activity is avoided by Smooth bed linens and gas-trapping things, like bed linens, bed linens, waterbeds and soft beds. Some of the concepts relevant to SIDS describe that the childs higher air gets obstructed making the child suffocate. One concept says that blood vessels structure of the child may have sudden development of the level of body fat and thus, the mind of the child prevents performing. Some fault defective neurological program in children for SIDS as it is not able to notify the child and awaken it up when the fresh air provide is low. SIDS children may not have this procedure at all. SIDS may be due to a defective defense mechanisms or the way a child rests such as smooth bed linens in which the children unintentionally hide their experience and then cannot convert and thus get choked. Covering the child too firmly in a cover may also cause to SID. Article 2 Heart Rate Variability in Sleeping Preterm Neonates Exposed to Cool and Warm Thermal Conditions The term babies with apparent deadly event (ALTE), premature babies of low birth weight are at risk for SIDS. Some state that friends of babies who have succumbed to SIDS are at risk. The study states that the babies who die of SIDS have irregularities in functions like respiration, hypertension and arousal. The structural differences in a specific part of the mind may add to the chance of SIDS. Exams of the mind stems of SIDS victims have revealed a developing delay in formation and function of several serotonin-binding nerve routes within the mind. These routes regulate respiration, pulse rate, and hypertension reactions. The study examine that increase in the heat range due to overdressing, using extreme covers can cause to an improved fat burning capacity in these babies and ultimate loss of respiration control. Apparent life-threatening activities (ALTEs) are medical activities in which young babies show unexpected changes in respiration, shade, or muscular mass. ALTEs are triggered due to popular breathing attacks, gastro esophageal flow back illness or convulsions. But there is no medical proof connecting ALTEs to SIDS.Some of the baby fatalities followed by immunization made people believe immunization as a cause of SIDS which has now proven to be wrong by research. SIDS is non-contagious and is not genetic and obviously it is not due to bad being a parent. Infants are very delicate to changes in heat range. Child may sleep greatly if the space is too heated and may not awaken in time in case of any problems in respiration. Breast fed children are secured against attacks that can cause to SIDS. Parents can pay attention to their children while they are resting through digital products. They increase an alert if the child prevents respiration. But they are not known to prevent SIDS. They are suggested for children with higher threat for SIDS. Pacifiers give included security for children up to 6 month. Because heating up may increase a childs chance of SIDS, outfit your baby in light, relaxed outfits for resting, and keep the 70 degrees at a level thats relaxed for an mature. If youre concerned about your baby remaining heated, outfit him in a onesie, sleepwear that protect arms, legs, arms, and legs. Remember, dont use a protect your baby can get twisted in it or take the protect over his face. Article 3 Clinical Digest Cot lack of life, better known as S.I.D.S., is one of the top causes for the overpriced baby death amount rate in this nation these days. It is often misinterpreted or unrecognizable. For the most part, the causes of SIDS are unidentified to the community. This is modifying, however, as attention is ever improving. Thus, the objective of this document will be to describe unexpected baby lack of life problem and its known or recommended causes. Also, the record of SIDS, the issues and psychological struggling that outcomes from the lack of a kid, the cost it requires on the enduring brother, and possible guidance or other help that is available for mother and father who may have missing a kid to SIDS are such places that will be researched. Overall I desire to accomplish a better knowing of all these recommended subjects within the body of the document. Despite decreases in occurrence during the past two decades, cot loss of life (SIDS) remains the leading cause of loss of life for babies older between 1 month and 1 year in western world. Behavioral risks identià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed in epidemiological studies include vulnerable and side roles for baby rest, smoking visibility, soft bedding and rest areas, and heating up. Proof also indicates that pacià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ er use at rest time and room discussing without bed discussing are associated with reduced chance of SIDS. Although the cause of SIDS is unidentified, premature cardiorespiratory autonomic control and failing of excitement responsiveness from rest are key elements. Gene polymorphisms with regards to this transportation and autonomic neurological system development might make aà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ected babies more susceptible to SIDS. Strategies for threat reduction have assisted to decrease SIDS occurrence by 50–90%. However, to decrease the occurrence even further, greater progr ess must be made in reducing prenatal smoking visibility and applying other recommended baby care methods. Ongoing research is needed to recognize the pathophysiological basis of SIDS. In the UK, present suggestions say that mother and father should choose where their child rests, however, the most secure choice is in a bed or cot in the same space. The researchers discovered that the chance of SIDS was more regular in breast-fed children young than 3 several weeks who distributed the bed with their mother and father, even if the mother and father did not use alcohol, medication, or smoking. Furthermore, the chance of bed-sharing reduced as the child got mature. The most frequent interval for the incident of SIDS was between 7 and 10 several weeks. The writers indicate that a important loss of SIDS worth could be achieved if mother and father did not discuss beds with their children. Article 4 Alcohol as a risk factor for sudden infant death Syndrome SIDS is the unexpected loss of life of an baby young than one year of age. SIDS continues to be mysterious after a thorough case research, such as efficiency of a finish autopsy, evaluation of the loss of life field and evaluation of medical record. The unexpected loss of life of formerly healthy babies is all the more surprising and harmful. Sudden baby loss of life is a terrible occasion for any mother or father Alcohol during maternity is one of the greatest risks to a unborn infant. Consumption can put the mom and unborn infant at threat for several things. For example: miscarriages, stillbirths, early babies, and low-birth-weight babies. When a lady is drinking regularly it boundaries her nutritional consumption that both she and the unborn infant need to develop. Consuming during maternity can also have an impact on baby growth. Alcohol remains in the blood circulation twice as long in a unborn infant than it does in the mom. This can cause the most harm to the unborn infant during the first trimester when body system components and body system parts are developing, such as the mind, center, and anxious system. Scientists discovered those fatalities may result from kids being exposed to alcohol in the uterus and from alcohol-using moms creating dangerous surroundings for the kids after beginning. Previously, studies have tied SIDS to parents smoking and to risky surroundings, but few stu dies have looked at whether alcohol could be involved in some of the fatalities. They in comparison the number of SIDS and baby fatalities that happened in kids of moms with a clinically diagnosed consuming issue, to cases among the kids of moms without a analysis. The researchers discovered that kids created to moms who consumed intensely during maternity had a seven-fold increase in the chance of SIDS, in comparison to kids of moms without a consuming issue. Babies also had a nine-fold increased chance of SIDS when their moms consumed within the year after beginning, in comparison to kids created to moms who didnt drink. The results of this study indicate that expectant mothers alcohol-use problem improves the chance of SIDS and (infant deaths) through immediate effects on the unborn baby and ultimately through ecological risks,† The writers add that past studies suggest children revealed to alcohol in the uterus may have irregularities in the brainstem, which could lead to problems controlling basic body features like respiration.

The Speakers Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and Raleigh Essay

The Speaker's Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and Raleigh The speakers in "Farewell, False Love," by Sir Walter Raleigh and "My Lute, Awake!" by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder have similar motivations, although the poems have differing constructs. Each speaker seeks to unleash his venomous emotions at a woman who has scorned him, by humiliating her through complicated revenge fantasies and savage metaphors. Through this invective, he hopes to convince us of this woman's inward ugliness. Raleigh catalogues a long list of conceits for his false love: she is every horrid thing from a "siren song" to "an idle boy that sleeps in pleasure's lap". The overtone of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey's "Alas! So All Things Now Do Hold Their Peace!" bears more similarity to that of a soliloquy of lamentation than a libellous study. The speaker seems more preoccupied with his own woe than with shaming his absent love before us, his audience, of whom he seems only peripherally aware. He does not berate the object of his affections for not requiting his love, only regrets that she cannot be with him, drawing a contrast between his heavy inward emotional swings and the peaceful night which outwardly surrounds him. Several centuries after these poets lived, John Stuart Mill would write an essay called "What is Poetry?" that codified a distinction between what he called "poetry" and "eloquence". He writes: . . . when he [the poet] turns round, and addresses himself to another person; when the act of utterance is not itself the end, but a means to an end -- viz., by the feelings he himself expresses, to work upon the feelings, or upon the belief or the will of another; when the expression of his emotions, or of his thoughts tinged ... ...women whom supposedly seduced them in their youthful naivete. The narrator of "My Lute, Awake!" takes a distinct pleasure in conjuring up a future where his lover, not he, lies "Plaining in vain unto the moon." Raleigh's vehement yet affected language are entirely out of keeping with the innocent-schoolboy image of himself he would have us believe. Surrey's speaker does not need to protest that he was beguiled, nor make any excuse for his misplaced emotion, because he is not aware of our listening, and therefore can feel no embarrassment at our knowing he was rejected. These three poems, then, are written in the voice of the spurned lover. In two of them, this lover is cognizant of our presence and seeks to impress us with his impassivity; but in the third, he pours out his sorrow and minds not whether we think the less of him for his poor choice of women. Â  

Coffee Growers

1. Coffee growers in poor rural areas are paid very little for their crop. What strategies are proposed in this clip for changing that situation?The strategies that are proposed in this clip for changing this situation are for coffee growers to adapt to the fair-trade market. Under the fair-trade market coffee growers will have the chance to a decent market price that will help increase their production. 2. Now that you know something about the â€Å"sociology of coffee† and globalization, will your own consumption habits change at all? Explain why you would change or not your consumption habits.I prefer not to drink coffee as a result my consumption will not change. 3. In what ways is the â€Å"coffee-go-round† an example of what Mills called â€Å"public issues† and â€Å"private troubles?†The public issues are coffee growers in poor rural area are not paid reasonably for their crops. The private troubles are coffee growers are trapped to sell only coca because of the competitive markets and expensive expenses.1. C. Wright Mills said that the sociological imagination comes from our ability to see the connection between â€Å"public issues† and â€Å"private troubles.† How does the narrator of this film make such a connection in his life? What are the â€Å"public issues† and the â€Å"private troubles?† The narrator of this film makes such a connection in his life by connecting his relationship with his brother through his childhood experiences and a tragic accident which created and caused a decision for his brother to go to West Point University and become a Black Hawk pilot for the army that as a result change the narrator’s connection between him and his brother through his childhood. Now having to send American troops to Iraq is a public problem and worrying to have to hear from a love one or relative going to war and not returning back to his family and tragically changing his family’ s life is a private trouble.Article Questions Article 141. How do the authors define â€Å"early adulthood†? How do they explain the incidence of prolonged early adulthood in the United States? Early adulthood is a time of struggle to gain the skills and credentials required for a job that can support the family they wish to start and a struggle to feel in control of their lives or is when people figure out when they want to do and how best to realize their goals. The primary reason for a prolonged early adulthood is that it now takes much longer to secure a full-time job that pays enough to support a family.2. Examine figure 2. How are the lives of young people in 2000 different from those in 1960? What do you think accounts for these differences? The lives of young people in 2000 are less successful completing the transition to adulthood than the lives from those in 1960. Young adults not finding a full-time job that pays enough to support a family.3. Discuss positive and n egative effects of postponing adulthood on parenting. How do you suspect this changes childrearing practices? How does having children change the careers of middle-aged workers? The positive effects of waiting to become a parent while in your adulthood are more likely to leave home, be financially independent, and completed schooling. The negative effects of postponing adulthood on parenting are not likely to be financially independent and completing schooling. Parents who postpone adulthood on parenting are likely to show care and loving towards their children than parents who are trying to complete their adulthood. Having children change the careers of middle aged Article 591. What is the Gautreaux program in Chicago and how is it departure from previous policy? The Gautreaux program in Chicago is an experiment in public housing. Such policies assume that to depopulate the ghetto, gentrify it, or blow it up is effective solution to the problems concentrated in it instead Gautreaux program try to improve the lifestyles and environment around the less unfortunate.2. What is the relationship between the â€Å"quality of life† in neighborhoods and their crime rates (as suggested by the work of Clifford Shaw and Henry  McKay)? The relationship between the â€Å"quality of life† in neighborhoods and their crime rates are lacked to control the behavior of local youth as a result traditions of delinquency are passed on by neighborhood youth.3. Logan refers to studies that used census data to understand variations in crime rates between neighborhoods and the demographic characteristics of their residents. Why is census data a valuable resource in this case? Can you think of ways in which the use of census data in social research might lead to questionable findings? Census data is a valuable resource in this case because it shows the average rates of juvenile delinquency in Chicago tracts that makes some neighborhoods unsafe. We can find out basic info rmation about the size of the population, and its composition by age, gender, race and ethnicity. The use of census data in social research might lead to questionable findings as to understand what are the causes and problems that each individual face.4. To explain the conditions in a neighborhood, Logan suggest we must answer two questions. What are these questions, and how do they differ from the approach of most studies of neighborhood inequalities? First, what happened to these places to create their conditions? Second, how and why do certain kinds of people come to live in places with such problems? The two questions are different from most studies of neighborhood inequalities because most studies of neighborhood inequalities strongly focused on race and education. Coffee growers Coffee growers in poor rural areas are paid very little for their crop. What strategies are proposed in this clip for changing that situation?The strategies that are proposed in this clip for changing this situation are for coffee growers to adapt to the fair-trade market. Under the fair-trade market coffee growers will have the chance to a decent market price that will help increase their production. 2. Now that you know something about the â€Å"sociology of coffee† and globalization, will your own consumption habits change at all? Explain why you would change or not your consumption habits.I prefer not to drink coffee as a result my consumption will not change. 3. In what ways is the â€Å"coffee-go-round† an example of what Mills called â€Å"public issues† and â€Å"private troubles?†The public issues are coffee growers in poor rural area are not paid reasonably for their crops. The private troubles are coffee growers are trapped to sell only coca bec ause of the competitive markets and expensive expenses.1. C. Wright Mills said that the sociological imagination comes from our ability to see the connection between â€Å"public issues† and â€Å"private troubles.† How does the narrator of this film make such a connection in his life? What are the â€Å"public issues† and the â€Å"private troubles?† The narrator of this film makes such a connection in his life by connecting his relationship with his brother through his childhood experiences and a tragic accident which created and caused a decision for his brother to go to West Point University and become a Black Hawk pilot for the army that as a result change the narrator’s connection between him and his brother through his childhood.Now having to send American troops to Iraq is a public problem and worrying to have to hear from a love one or relative going to war and not returning back to his family and tragically changing his family’s li fe is a private trouble.Article Questions Article 141. How do the authors define â€Å"early adulthood†? How do they explain the incidence of prolonged early adulthood in the United States? Early adulthood is a time of struggle to gain the skills and credentials required for a job that can support the family they wish to start and a struggle to feel in control of their lives or is when people figure out when they want to do and how best to realize their goals. The primary reason for a prolonged early adulthood is that it now takes much longer to secure a full-time job that pays enough to support a family.2. Examine figure 2. How are the lives of young people in 2000 different from those in 1960? What do you think accounts for these differences? The lives of young people in 2000 are less successful completing the transition to adulthood than the lives from those in 1960. Young adults not finding a full-time job that pays enough to support a family.3. Discuss positive and negat ive effects of postponing adulthood on parenting. How do you suspect this changes childrearing practices? How does having children change the careers of middle-aged workers? The positive effects of waiting to become a parent while in your adulthood are more likely to leave home, be financially independent, and completed schooling. The negative effects of postponing adulthood on parenting are not likely to be financially independent and completing schooling. Parents who postpone adulthood on parenting are likely to show care and loving towards their children than parents who are trying to complete their adulthood. Having children change the careers of middle aged Article 591. What is the Gautreaux program in Chicago and how is it departure from previous policy? The Gautreaux program in Chicago is an experiment in public housing. Such policies assume that to depopulate the ghetto, gentrify it, or blow it up is effective solution to the problems concentrated in it instead Gautreaux pro gram try to improve the lifestyles and environment around the less unfortunate.2. What is the relationship between the â€Å"quality of life† in neighborhoods and their crime rates (as suggested by the work of Clifford Shaw and Henry  McKay)? The relationship between the â€Å"quality of life† in neighborhoods and their crime rates are lacked to control the behavior of local youth as a result traditions of delinquency are passed on by neighborhood youth.3. Logan refers to studies that used census data to understand variations in crime rates between neighborhoods and the demographic characteristics of their residents. Why is census data a valuable resource in this case? Can you think of ways in which the use of census data in social research might lead to questionable findings?Census data is a valuable resource in this case because it shows the average rates of juvenile delinquency in Chicago tracts that makes some neighborhoods unsafe. We can find out basic informati on about the size of the population, and its composition by age, gender, race and ethnicity. The use of census data in social research might lead to questionable findings as to understand what are the causes and problems that each individual face.4. To explain the conditions in a neighborhood, Logan suggest we must answer two questions. What are these questions, and how do they differ from the approach of most studies of neighborhood inequalities? First, what happened to these places to create their conditions? Second, how and why do certain kinds of people come to live in places with such problems? The two questions are different from most studies of neighborhood inequalities because most studies of neighborhood inequalities strongly focused on race and education.